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西方学术essay写作的秘密有几个留学生知晓?


中国学生的写作如何在
国外取得教授的赞赏和喜爱?
相比英语为母语的学生,中国学生在学术性写作中面临众多困难。他们往往有自己的新颖思想和独特看法,却难以完整地表达出来。这些困难不仅仅在于第二语言的挑战,更是由于缺少长期潜移默化的文化影响,无法跳出中国式惯性思维,最终使得他们的写作在西方国家的教授看来不具有说服力和辩证性。

        中美教育写作差异
        国内写作与国外写作的区别: 外国学生最喜欢作文,因为这是展示个人才华的机会。通过作文,把自己的新鲜想法表达出来,与同学们交流,得到同学们的赞扬。而中国学生,大多害怕作文,总觉得肚子里没词儿。写作练习就是模仿“教辅”上的范文,考试就靠背几篇范文,运气好的押上了题目,就可以得高分。而往往能够用作文完整表达自己观点的学生能够在国外的教育中脱颖而出。

往往在美国高中,
学生需要优秀的写作能力
去表达自己的观点,
而美国写作分为两个阶段

        EXPRESSIVE WRITING(表达性写作)
        主要发展和强化两个重要的写作模式:描述和叙事 。主要的概念包括写作训练的步骤,聚焦前期筹划和后期修改技巧,以及如何有效地通过写作表达个人经历并引起情感共鸣。同学们这些大部分都要靠自己,教授教给你的并不多。教授只会教你专业知识而不是写论文的专业技能。

        PERSUASIVE ESSAY(劝说性写作)
        这类essay的目的是同学们学习完成一篇劝说性文章的过程。让同学们发展主旨思想,寻找支持论据,组织构建主旨思想,各类文体风格,确保写作技巧的运用不妨碍普遍性的概念理解。

        这两个阶段各自的目标也不相同

        EXPRESSIVE WRITING(表达性写作)的目标
        练习完整的写作过程,专注于提笔前的构思和写作后对技巧的反思。以及学习如何在论文中生动形象地描述你想刻画的内容,当然了,后面主要就是学术方面的内容了。

        PERSUASIVE ESSAY(劝说性写作)的目标
        了解西方学术写作及西方思想的基本特征,培养自己的明辨性思维,以快速融入美国的课堂和社交圈。

        以上几种类型的essay同学们可能会很少碰到,但是Meeloun小编认为大家还是掌握了比较好。这对你们来说更全面的了解了essay的各种类型,即使后面碰到了也不用担心。对于各类essay写作还有疑问的同学可以联系我们的客服,Meeloun竭诚为海外学子提供各类学术服务!essay代写、网课代修都可以找我们哦!

How to Write a Persuasive Essay如何写一篇具有说服力的文章?

有说服力的文章是一篇出色的文章,用以说服读者对某个特定的想法或焦点,通常是使你相信。你有说服力的文章可以根据你的意见。无论你是反对垃圾食品在学校或请求老板加薪,文章的说服力是每个人都应该知道的技巧。那么到底怎么写呢?

1、Choose a strong, defendable stance for your thesis statement. The thesis statement is your argument boiled down to one sentence. For a persuasive essay, this statement needs to take a strong, active stance on the issue. Don’t try and play both sides and be wishy-washy — it won’t persuade anyone.

Good: “Affirmative action relegates minorities to “helpless” status, keeps the best minds from the best positions, and should be eliminated.”

Bad: “Affirmative action does help many minorities, but it hurts some other groups as well.”

Note that you can persuade people to be open-minded. Saying “affirmative action is a nuanced issue in need or serious overhaul, not to be destroyed or continued completely,” still shows you taking a strong, defendable stance.

2、Use clear, directed topics sentences to begin each paragraph. Consider the beginning of each paragraph as a mini-thesis statement. This allows your argument to flow cohesively. You build the argument brick by brick for the reader so there is no confusion.

Good: “The destruction of the world’s rainforests also destroys the incredible potential to find medical and scientific breakthroughs in the diverse, mysterious ecosystem.”

Good: “The rainforest is home to a wide variety of plants and animals that may have medical and scientific benefits — benefits we lose if we keep destroying it.”

Bad: “Destroying the rainforest is not a good thing.”

3、Interweave facts and references to back up your claims. The best rule of thumb is, whenever you make a claim or point that isn’t common sense, you need to back it up. One of the best ways to do this, however, is in reverse. Let the evidence lead to your arguments — bringing the reader with you.

Good: “A recent poll shows that 51% of young white millennials believe they suffer as much discrimination as minorities. Young white millennials may believe in having racial equality, but they also believe that they’ve already found it.

Good: “Equality and liberty aren’t just good for individuals, they’re good for society. Furthermore, the lack of this liberty is said to be “a source of perversion and demoralization” to everyone involved, and prevents “any really vital improvement… in the social condition of the human race” (Mill, 98).

Bad: “The prisons system has kept dangerous drugs and criminals off the streets, and Americans are definitely safer because of it.” Unless you back it up, this claim is meaningless.

4、Keep your sentences short and to the point. Only make one point or argument in each sentence. You want the reader to be able to build the argument logically, but this is impossible if they get lost in the weeds.

Good: While the United States’ founding fathers were intellectual, the same could not be said for the majority of the populace. Education was the right of the wealthy, and achieved through expensive private schools or tutors. In the early 1800’s, Horace Mann of Massachusetts devoted himself to rectifying that situation.

Good: Public education is no longer a priority in this country. As it stands, only 2% of tax dollars go to schools. Clearly, we need to find a way to increase this budget if we expect to see any real improvement in our education system.

Bad: The United States was not an educated nation, since education was considered the right of the wealthy, and so in the early 1800’s Horace Mann decided to try and rectify the situation.

5Use a variety of persuasion techniques to hook your readers. The art of persuasion has been studied since ancient Greece. While it takes a lifetime to master, learning the tricks and tools will make you a better writer almost immediately. For example, on a paper about allowing Syrian refugees, you could use:

Repetition: Keep hammering on your thesis. Tell them what you’re telling them, tell them it, then tell them what you told them. They’ll get the point by the end.

Example: Time and time again, the statistics don’t lie — we need to open our doors to help refugees.

Social Validation: Quotations reinforce that you aren’t the only one making this point. It tells people that, socially, if they want to fit in, they need to consider your viewpoint.

Example: “Let us not forget the words etched on our grandest national monument, the Statue of Liberty, which asks that we “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.” There is no reason why Syrians are not included in this.

Agitation of the Problem: Before offering solutions, show them how bad things are. Give them a reason to care about your argument.

Example: “Over 100 million refugees have been displaced. President Assad has not only stolen power, he’s gassed and bombed his own citizens. He has defied the Geneva Conventions, long held as a standard of decency and basic human rights, and his people have no choice by to flee.”

以上就是介绍怎么写具有说服里的Essay了,美伦每天都会为大家推出类似文章帮助大家,美伦教育会经常发很多实用的内容让大家学习参考。如果大家有论文作业没写而自己又没时间时候不妨找我们美伦教育,成立七年已经累计为超过20000名留学生们代写作业,我们之所以能够发展到今天,都是因为在留学生大军中有这良好的口碑,绝对值得您信赖。如果有作业代写要求赶紧联系我们的网站在线客服吧。

英澳大学的Academic Essay写作教程

academic essay同样是留学生学术论文的一种。写好 academic essay对于每一个人来说都很重要。不过要注意其写作的机构:介绍、主体、结论。其中你需要介绍academic essay的outline,也就是关键的理念。我们来聊聊Academic Essay写作需要注意的一些要点!

1.注意Academic Essay的难点!
在我看来,Academic Essay其实在书写难度上有点类似于八股文,因为写核心段落要求是代圣人(Literature)立言(Linking ideas from the literature to show how they relate ),不能随意抒发自己主观想出来的观点( Students cannot add their own ideas directly).这是和国内高中教育的议论文写法大相径庭的,强调自己的arguments必须要有出处。

2.Academic Essay的结构是什么?
正如前面所说,essay和八股文一样有着非常固定的结构,主要分为四个部分:

1.开头段Introduction (Including background), 2.主体段(Body),3.Conclusion(总结段) 4.文献引用(Reference List). 然后根据字数,又可以分为Short Essay(小于1200字)和Long Essay(大于1200字)

3.Citation有多少种类型?
商科常用的:APA style和Harvard Referencing
语言类:MLA Style,Chicago Style
法律类:Bluebook(美), OSCOLA(英)
具体要什么Citation的风格在老师布置essay的时候就会说,自己需要提前了解和准备。然后和Citation相对的就是Quotation了,主要区别的是Quotation就是照搬文献原句,但Citation是改写(Paraphrasing)之后再写,写essay尽量少用Quotation,因为在查抄袭率(例如Turnitin这种软件)的时候很容易太高被tutor约到办公室喝茶。

4.Short Essay(小于1200字) 的结构是什么?

第一部分:Introduction
1.Topics statement:讲明文章主旨(State the topic addressed in the essay)
2.Background:Provide some history relevant to the topic or give statistics to show the significance of the topic or provide of example of the significance of the topic
3.Summary of Essay argument(a thesis statement)

第二部分:Body
1.写三个主体段
2.每个主体段都有一个Topic Sentence(最好来自文献)
3.每个主体段之后都有N句支持句(other sentences to develop and explain the idea,最好来自文献)
4.最好主体段之间有过渡句(Linking sentence

第三部分:Conclusion
1.Summary of essay argument
2.Restatement of significance of the topic(Optional)
3.不要有新的文献材料(No new material)

5.Long Essay(长于1200字)的结构是什么?

第一部分:Introduction
1.Topic statement+Background写一段
2.Summary of Essay argument写一段

第二部分:Body
1.先分为四个Sections
2.每个Section下面有N段Paragraph
3.每个Section下面的第一段都是简短介绍下本结Section的内容
4.每个Section下面的结尾段都是总结下本结Section的内容
5.务必注意External logic和Internal Logic

第三部分:Conclusion同Short Essay的写法

6.写作顺序如何安排为好?
我建议是先写主体段,再写结论段,最后写开头段,不然很多学生一个开头段可以憋一天,因为后面没写的话其实自己也不知道要写什么。

7.可否写自己的观点?
我觉得其实是可以creative一点的,具体做法就是先自己想好自己主要的Topic Sentence有什么,用中文或英文把自己的想法都写下来,然后再去从Literature上面找自己需要的素材来丰富自己的Argument(反复强调Argument是Essay的真谛!),这种写法避免先做Research,然后才开始写的低效。

8.语法占到Essay的多少分?
一般来说语法是占essay的10分左右,不能说不重要,毕竟满篇语法错误的文章真的也读不下去,但极少数的语法错误是可以接受的,因为Essay主要关注点在于你的内容。

9.如何提高写Essay的效率?
我就给你两招,第一是一周之内快速写完,不要拉长战线。第二在Due Day前三天开始动笔,效率也会奇高。

10.Essay是不是都要用复杂句?
适当的从句即可,要花样用Linking words和避免口语词汇出现,而且Academic的词汇尽可能多点,这也是大学essay和高中essay的主要区别。

剩下的Reflective Writing,Case studies,Report怎么写看你们的赞的量我再决定写不写吧。

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