很多留学生完成essay写作时不按照步骤来完成各个段落，导致essay的整体性体现不出来，有些支离破碎的感觉，自然就得不到高分。今天Meeloun小编就给同学们分享关于essay段落写作的步骤。

Essay段落写作

       1.Topic Sentence

        Topic sentence作为段落开头的第一句话，也是该段落的中心句，主旨句，也叫做论点（或分论点）。一般分论点的个数需要根据文章字数进行安排，1000字的文章一般有3个分论点，可采用递进式，也可采用并列式。意味着该段落的所有内容都必须服务于这句sentence，为其摆事实，提供论据。

       2.Research

        作为论点后的第一个论据，必须列出强有力、具有明显说服力的事实论据。因此应该优先写出一句Research，最好是近三年内与主题相关的文献或实验中的发现用科学的事实来作为第一个证明依据。

        在这句Research中，我们通常会用到According to/Based on此类的短语进行连接，然后直接摆出某项实验发现了什么东西或什么现象。

       3.Discussion

        第3句discussion用于进一步解释第2句Research的意义，即探讨这个科学发现与你所要说明的论点之间的关系，佐证论点。此处最推荐的论证方法就是批判性论证，即通过否定既有的观点来论证论点。通常到了这一句，那么该段落的第一次举例论证已经完成。

       4.Summary Sentence

        在第一个例证discussion结束后，附加另一个Research的研究结果（注意这个Research找的不能跟上一个Research是同一个但要具备一定的关联性）。如果上一个Research是用来批判性论证的，那么这一个Researh必须是正向论证，即另一个研究也说明了什么什么现象，用以佐证自己的上一个discussion。

       5.Summary Sentence

        该句作为一个段落的总结句，需要在照应开头论点句的基础上，升华论点。必须是陈述句，简洁明了，对前面的两次例证作个小结，同时要连接上该段落的分论点，为下一个分论点做准备。

        同学们只要按照上面的写作步骤来完成的话，相信essay写作的整体性会大大提升，那么分数自然也就上去了！需要essay代写的同学可以扫描右边的二维码联系我们的客服哦！Meeloun保质保量完成任务！

        下面为大家整理一篇优秀的Essay代写范文-Psychology in graphic design，供大家参考学习，这篇论文讨论了平面设计中的心理学。平面设计是设计师们将自己的心理活动思想用图片或者是符号的形式进行传达，所以心理学与平面设计是密切相关的，是属于重叠的关系，即平面设计被心理学所影响，心理学也能够让设计师设计出更符合大众的产品。

Essay代写范文

        Graphic design is a design that expresses the information language through visual images or even media,and conveys the visual sense to individuals.Graphic design is designers to their own psychological activities in the form of pictures or symbols to convey.You can choose to create graphic design by combining graphics,or by hand painting.In graphic design,it not only brings aesthetic enjoyment to people in terms of visual sense,but also conveys information and ideas.”communication”refers to the process that the sender transmits information to the receiver by means of surrounding visual symbols.It not only refers to the communication within individuals,but also refers to the communication between individuals.Graphic design is derived from people’s behaviors in life,while psychology is to study people’s psychology and behavior rules.Therefore,graphic design and psychology are closely related.

        平面设计是一种通过视觉图像甚至媒体来表达信息语言，并将视觉传达给个人的设计。平面设计是设计师以自己的心理活动形式以图片或符号来传达的。您可以选择通过组合图形或手工绘制来创建图形设计。在平面设计中，它不仅给人们带来视觉上的审美享受，而且传达信息和思想。”“通信”是指发送方通过周围的视觉符号向接收方传输信息的过程。它不仅指个人内部的交流，也指个人之间的交流。平面设计源于人们生活中的行为，而心理学则是研究人们的心理和行为规律。因此，平面设计与心理学密切相关。

        Psychology earliest can be traced back to ancient Greece,and the scientific psychology,has been to the early 19th century,the German doctor Wilhelm wundt is put forward,and in 1879,when Wilhelm wundt in university created the first psychological lab in leipzig,Germany,marks the birth of psychology,he also referred to as the”father of psychology”.The so-called psychology is a science specializing in the study of human and other biological psychological activities,behaviors and mental functions,which is related to both natural science and social science.It can also be called intermediate science or crossover science.Not only can make people know,but also can predict and timely regulate people’s psychological activities and behavioral activities of a regular science.

        心理学最早可追溯到古希腊，科学心理学最早可追溯到19世纪初，德国医生威尔姆·冯特提出，1879年，大学里的威尔姆·冯特在德国莱比锡创建了第一个心理学实验室，标志着心理学的诞生。他还被称为“心理学之父”。所谓心理学，是专门研究人的生理心理活动、行为和心理功能的科学，它既与自然科学有关，又与社会科学有关。它也可以被称为中间科学或交叉科学。不仅能使人们了解，而且能预测和及时调节人们的心理活动和行为活动，是一门正规的科学。

        Each design product is created according to people’s specific point,line,surface,composition,color and strong purpose.At the same time,it also contains the psychological activities of designers,which shows that there is psychology in graphic design.

        每个设计产品都是根据人们的具体点、线、面、构成、色彩和强烈的目的而创造的。同时也包含了设计师的心理活动，说明平面设计中存在着心理学。

        Psychology and graphic design are closely related and belong to an overlapping relationship,that is,graphic design is influenced by psychology,which can also enable designers to design products more in line with the public.First of all,there are points,lines and surfaces.Every piece of work or object,whether created artificially or existing naturally,contains points,lines and surfaces.About surface,Mr.Shi qixin’s”plane composition”describes:”when the length and width of the shape are greatly different,it will be a line.It can be said that the line is long and narrow.When the width of the line exceeds a certain amount,the feeling of the line will weaken and tend to the surface.”Plane composition”co-written by Mr.Xiang chunfang and Mr.Chen bing describes it as:”the point is the basis of all forms,but the size of the point cannot exceed a certain visual limit…Points and lines become surfaces when they exceed a certain visual limit.”Many phenomena show that points,lines and surfaces are closely related to psychology.If be in a piece of composition of a picture,draw two black circular plane,but size of these two black circular plane is different,put its in horizontal position,can let a person produce a kind of feeling of weightlessness,unconscious can be inclined toward bigger circular plane.However,if the horizontal position of the two is changed into a diagonal position,the position of the larger circle remains the same,and the smaller circle is placed on the upper right of the larger circle,a sense of space can be generated by pulling back and forth.These two cases indicate that the points,lines and planes in plane composition are closely related to psychology.

        心理学与平面设计有着密切的联系，属于交叉关系，也就是说，平面设计受心理学的影响，也可以使设计人员更贴近大众，设计产品。首先，有点、线和面。每件作品或物体，无论是人工创造的还是自然存在的，都包含点、线和表面。关于表面，史启新先生的“平面构成”描述：“当形状的长度和宽度有很大不同时，它就会是一条线。”可以说这条线又长又窄。当线条的宽度超过一定量时，线条的感觉就会减弱并倾向于表面。”项春芳先生和陈兵先生合著的《平面构图》，描述为：“点是一切形式的基础，但点的大小不能超过一定的视觉极限……当点和线超过一定的视觉极限时，它们就变成了表面。”许多现象表明，点、线和表面与心理学密切相关。如果在一幅构图中，画出两个黑色的圆形平面，但这两个黑色圆形平面的大小不同，把它放在水平位置，可以让人产生一种失重感，无意识可以倾向于更大的圆形平面。但是，如果两个圆的水平位置变为对角位置，则大圆的位置保持不变，而小圆位于大圆的右上角，则可以通过前后拉来产生空间感。这两个案例表明，平面构成中的点、线和面与心理学密切相关。

        In plane design,color is the eyeball that strikes a person most directly,bring the first feeling to the person.When the information of graphic design is transmitted,the receiver’s perception and sensitivity to it are the strongest.Black and white these two colors themselves are two extreme colors,they are brightness and brightness of the extreme contrast.Say the color of the house decoration with black and white contrast,black decoration and white decoration to bring people the first feeling is completely opposite.Of black decorate,if all around is black,the vision that gives a person the first impact feeling,the space that can let a person feel a room was narrowed.Of white decorate can have outspread feeling,give a person bright sense.Say again black and white dress,black dress will not consciously modify people’s original figure,so as to achieve the effect that people want,that is,people often say”thin”;White clothes,however,give people a sense of expansion,and do not modify people’s bodies,but more highlight people’s original bodies.The above shows that graphic design also contains the category of psychology.

        Modern plane design different from the traditional plane design,modern graphic designers in the design of graphic design,will combine the subjective and the objective,and also according to the object of a certain structure exaggerated and distorted to design expression,or design,that there is no powerful and unconstrained style objects to metaphor about social,interpersonal relationship and so on a series of profound connotation of degree.However,when people see a novel,vivid and interesting graphic design,vision is the first sense,and often produces a variety of emotions such as perception and intuition.A novel graphic design,will directly hit people’s eyeballs,get people from the inside out of the goodwill and appreciation.Why a whimsical,or even non-existent product design of the graphic design,it is likely to be favored by people?Because a graphic design is full of fun,can from the person gives on the vision impact,brings a series of psychological change,also is because caught people crave it really psychological characteristics,and for the people,this is a overturns the logic of a new experience,is adapted to the people need.

        All the creation of graphic design comes from people’s psychological activities.But if designers only according to their own psychological concept to design the graphic design is their own preference,it is meaningless.So designers not only according to their own psychological activities,but also the psychological factors of the audience.Humans subconsciously prefer to simplify everything.When people perceive things through their senses,they will always pay attention to the most important information and actively ignore the secondary information.Naturally,the main information remains in their mind.This kind of contracted change,abstract sex,it is the perception that people is born with.Especially in the era of developed information,more people tend to simplify the designed products.Of course,some people prefer complex designs.For example,some western countries prefer complex designs,believing that they will look more meaningful.

        But simple does not mean simple without connotation,but the more simple design contains more complex and profound connotation.Like an upside-down question mark,a rough look,this is an upside-down question mark,and a closer look,it’s the image of a pregnant woman.This is an icon designed by the designer for an institution,simple but not simple.Another example is that the same color brings different psychological feelings to people in different shapes.For example,the blue color is divided into a circle and a square.In the circle,it feels like a secluded lake.In the square,it feels like a free sky.Such as we can see the sign at the side of the road in life,said the shape of the triangle,is composed of yellow and black,the inside of the symbol is different,give a person the feeling is different also,just,there is an exclamation point,for example,an exclamation point itself is let a person feel is an important signal,apply to the signs of the means to pay attention to the danger.

        In Kenya hara’s book design within design,he says that”design is not a skill,but the ability to capture the essence and sense of things.”Design is human perception,human observation,human thinking and human psychology.We can learn from,graphic design and overlapping parts of two disciplines of psychology,they are closely related,in graphic design idea,we need to consider in the design in the use of color,composition,design elements,such as behind the visual psychology,combining with graphic design to the content of the performance,considering the practicality,artistry,according to the purpose of the graphic design,as far as possible for us to make our graphic design more scientific.Focusing on the design disciplines at the same time,we should constantly looking for some nutrients from other disciplines,and history tells us that design,aesthetics and psychology,mathematics,geometry,etc there is overlap between these disciplines,in today’s emphasis on interdisciplinary,so we can make the design more depth and more attractive.

        听说又要写essay了，看到reference和bilibili(呸呸呸，bibliography）的同学们有没有很慌？小编历尽千辛万苦，收集了国外文献的不同格式写法。本文拟重点介绍OSCOLA、Harvard和MLA格式。它们到底是什么，在essay写作中又藏在哪里呢，快和Meeloun小编一起来看看吧。

Essay reference格式

 

       一、Referencing为什么重要？

        指所有一切直接或间接引用的有关联的信息，可以是网页，书籍，报刊，影视资料等等。

        牛津大学曰：“Properly referencing your sources can not only help you to avoid breaking the University’s strict plagiarism rules,but can also help you to strengthen the arguments you make in your work.”

        “正确引用你的来源，不仅可以帮助你避免打破大学的严格抄袭规则，还可以帮助你强化文章的论述。”

        格拉斯哥大学曰：“Referencing is an important part of academic writing.It allows you to acknowledge the ideas or words of others if you use them in your work and helps you to avoid plagiarism.”

        “引用是学术写作的一个重要组成部分。如果你承认别人的想法或文字，它可以让你在文章中使用他们，并帮助您避免抄袭。”

        如果你有过留学经历，那就应该知道外国学者对是否plagiarism（抄袭）有多看重。而你若没有引用，或者引用不当，或许就会因为referencing问题被误认为是plagiarism（抄袭），从而导致挂科、影响毕业。

        此外，除了thesis，像presentation,report等日常assignments都可能需要提供长长的Reference。这既体现了学生的准备是否充分以及检索、调查和研究的能力，又是对他人知识产权的尊重，还可以体现作者的思路，让读者能顺藤摸瓜对某一领域相关知识进行学习。

       二、Reference有哪些类型？

        参考文献有一定格式要求，国外大学常见的格式有8类。

        1.APA(American Psychological Association)通常在社会科学中使用。

        2.Chicago经常被academic publishers使用。

        3.Harvard是最经常使用的referencing类别，在学术刊物上广泛使用。

        4.IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)经常在Engineering and Technology中使用。

        5.MLA(Modern Language Association)经常在languages and literature的学术写作中使用。

        6.MRHA(Modern Humanities Research Association)常在人文学的学术论文写作中使用。

        7.OSCOLA(Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities)常在法律资料中使用。

        8.Vancouver使用数字系统引用的风格-经常在医学写作中使用

        根据学科专业和文章要求的不同，使用的referencing conventions也可能不同。所以，在写作前，一定要留意该门课professor、lecturer和tutor要求使用的referencing类别。

       （1）OSCOLA

        一般而言，法律类引用格式是Bluebook(美),OSCOLA(英)。

        1.书籍Book Reference[a written work or opus]

        You’ll need to provide information about the book’s author,the title of the book,year of publication,publisher,and book edition.

        Example:M Elliot,Administrative Law(1st,Maxwell,Oxford 2005)15

        2.书籍章节Book Chapter Reference[a chapter from written works or collections]

        You’ll need to provide information about the book’s author,the title of the book,year of publication,publisher,and book edition.

        Example:M Elliot,’Concepts and Understanding’in Westlaw(eds),Administrative Law(1st,Maxwell,Oxford 2005).

        3.期刊Journal Reference[Scholarly published and peer-reviewed literature contained in highly specialized academic research periodicals]

        You’ll need to supply the name of the author,year of publication,journalname,and page numbers.

        Example:M Elliot,’Administrative Law'[2005]AL 2,45

        4.网站Website Reference[a collection of online pages with information on a given topic considered authoritative in academic literature]

        You’ll need to provide the name of the author,year of publication,and publisher of the information.

        Example:Maxwell,’Administrative Law'(Legallaw.com 2005)

        5.案例Case Reference

        Example:Maxwell v House[2005]1 A.B.C.245(QB)

        6.法律法规Legislation Reference

        Example:Human Rights Act 1998 s 15(1)(b)

        7.欧盟立法EU Legislation Reference

        Example:Council Regulation(EC)961/2010 on restrictive measures against Iran and repealing regulation[2003]OJ L423/1

       （2）Harvard Reference

        除此之外，哈佛参考文献注释体系也是较为常用的。

        哈佛文献引用体系（Harvard Referencing System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)，起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用(citation)处注明&在文章最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

        以下是Harvard Referencing的教程

        1.In-text citations文中的引用

        include the name of the author/s,the year of publication within the text and the pages(if used a direct quotation)

        在文章正文里，会出现作者、年份、页码等引用的信息。

        栗子：

        There was further evidence to support researchers’views on genetic abnormalities in crops(White,2001,cited in Murray,2007,p.82).

        Scholtz(1990,p.564)has argued that There was further evidence to support researchers’views on genetic abnormalities in crops.

        There was further evidence to support researchers’views on genetic abnormalities in crops outlined by Smith(2009a,p.45)and developed further in his report(2009b,p.23).

        2.Bibliography/References文后的文献

        栗子：

        Caillard,V.(1891)The Songs of Innocence of William Blake set to music.London:Novello,Ewer and Co.

        Kahlo,F.(1931)Frieda and Diego Rivera[Oil on canvas].San Francisco Museum of Modern Art,San Francisco.

        Moody,J.(2000)Illegitimate theatre in London,1770-1840.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

        Refereces或者Bibliography，列出所有引用的或者对本文写作有影响的文献信息。

       （3）MLA

        MLA不仅仅指引用格式，也包括了学术essay写作的其他格式要求。在MLA格式中，引用主要分为括号形式备注形式的文内引用和文末单列的引用页两种。

        何时引用

        1.当你解释（paraphrase），总结（summarize），提到（mention）某人的想法时，cite it！

        2.当你引用某人的原句时，注意不仅要标注引用，还要用引号标出具体哪些部分是引用的。

        3.当你引用数据、图片、表格、视频、动画等时，cite it！

        4.当你提到一些并非常识的内容时，cite it！

        注：常识是相对于潜在的读者而言的，一般来说对于普罗大众的内容所需要标注的引用比面对专家学者更多。同时，常识也意味着读者可以很快的查到的信息，不仅是在网上随处可见的，更是毫无争议的。因此当你不确定是否要标注引用时，cite it！

        文内引用格式：

        例：Romantic poetry is characterized by the”spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”(Wordsworth 263).或（Said,Edward W.Culture and Imperialism.Knopf,1994.）

        如果作者名字已经在句子中提到，则只在括号内标注页码（如为网站等则不标注）

        例：According to Edward W.Said,imperialism is defined by“the practice,the theory,and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory”(9).

        文末引用格式：

        字体等格式与总体一致。在第一行中间注明work cited。每个引用条目除首行外缩进半英寸。不需要标号，但需要以字母顺序排列。

        引用条目所罗列的元素原则上多多益善，但是如果有实在没法找到的也可以省略。元素应排列如下：

        作者。文献名称。文献所属上级（container），其他参与者，版本（version），版号（Number），出版商，出版日期，位置（location）。

        例：Work Cited

        Bernstein,Mark.”10 Tips on Writing the Living Web.”A List Apart:For People Who Make Websites,16 Aug.2002

       三、Referencing的其他使用注意

        当老师布置论文或者其他文章时，一般会建议reference的个数。个数和文章的内容和字数有关系，比如一千字的论文，可能会有十个左右的引用。当然引用的个数和论文的深度和难度也有关系。需要注意的是，并不是Reference的个数越多越好。无意义的Reference会使文章失去批判性，而且无论如何转述引用内容，都会增加文章的重复率。

        在写作过程中参考的书目，不一定都引用在论文或文章中，作者可能受到了启发，而且这些书目的阅读也是为了这篇论文或者文章做准备，这样的书目也可以列在referencing中。

        引用的内容可以是直接引用、照搬原句Quotation，也可以转述改写后的引用Citation，转述后的引用仍然算作Reference。英文论文查抄袭率(例如Turnitin软件)的要求非常严格，即使是在引号内的引用内容也会作为重复率的一部分，所以应尽量少用Quotation，当需要大段引用别人的观点时，也一定要用自己的话转述。

        以上就是Meeloun小编给同学们分享的关于各种reference写作的讲解，同学们在完成essay写作之后一定要仔细检查引用格式是否正确，不要在这方面丢分！需要essay代写的同学可以扫描右边的二维码联系我们的客服哦！美伦现旗下写手超过400名，海龟硕博占据50%以上，更多写手资源正在火热招募中。美伦以质量为根本，诚信服务，严格执行双重审稿与检测，保证每一篇稿子都是精心原创并符合学科的需求，保障了留学生论文作业的通过率。

        在各位留学生涯中，Essay写作一定是同学们接触最早也是最多的一种学术论文问题，所以今天Meeloun小编就给同学们分享一下Essay从构思到写作的步骤。

essay写作

        首先是对essay进行问题分析，根据题目我们可以将问题分为Topic、Aspect、Focus/limiting words、Instruction words和Viewpoints/assumptions。

        比如，针对题目To what extent should Western universities change their own culture in order to help international students？

        Topic是Internationalisation in higher education；

        Aspect是Internationally mobile students(IMS)AND western universities；

        limiting words是academic culture shock AND Western unis own adjustment；

        instruction words是What is meant by….To what extent should；.

        viewpoints/assumptions是IMS do experience something called culture shock;Western unis should adjust to some extent(but how much?).

        然后指定论文大纲。分解essay题目问题之后，就需要考虑essay的整体写作结构了。一般情况下，essay分为，introduction，main body和conclusion三部分。在introduction部分，我们需要考虑essay的研究背景、目标以及文章结构；main body则需要考虑回答一些研究问题的可能性思考，考虑可以讨论的有趣点，同时这些点需要通过do researc找到合适的source，而Conclusion部分则主要描述essay的中心论点。之后便可以根据该框架进行内容填充了，通过详细研究，在框架中添加一些细节性的内容。

        最后便是根据详细制定段落了。在此过程中我们可以结合source中找到的样例和证据，放到合适的argument下，然后形成文章的段落结构。除此之外，一定要记得加上正确的reference。需要essay代写的同学可以扫描右边的二维码联系我们的客服哦！